Chemical And Physical Properties Of Water

Water is an abundantly occurring natural source. It is found on the surface of the earth as well in the underground resources. Water is said to comprise the 70 percent of the earth’s surface, beside it is present in some ratio in the atmosphere.  Around us, the living being on the earth are also composed of water. The human body is consisting of only 70 percent of water in the form of blood and other liquid states the human body. Water is necessary for the smooth working of many natural processes on earth man and living animal depends on water by in taking it. Man cannot continue his life if he gets deprived of water due to any reason.

Physical properties of water:

Water is present in the form of liquid in nature. It is colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid. But if it is present in reservoirs, it appears with a tinge of blue. Ice is the solid form of water and in gaseous form, it is can felt as water vapors. The boiling point of water is 100 degree Celsius; it is the point when liquid water changes from liquid state to gaseous state. The freezing point, the point when water changed from liquids state to solid state ice is 0 degree Celsius. These above two properties of water are due to hydrogen bonding present in the water molecules. Besides, the water is good universal solvent, able to dissolve minerals and salt in it.

Chemical properties of water:

Water molecule as polar molecule:

The water molecule is composed of 2 hydrogens and one oxygen connected with the covalent bond.   Hydrogen bonding in the water molecules is responsible for different chemical properties in water. A water molecule is a polar molecule because they are unequally shared   electrons between hydrogen and oxygen atoms.  The oxygen has more electronegativity than the hydrogen and the result it attracts more molecules toward it making hydrogen end of molecules positive. This in turns results   in making water soluble for minerals.

Water cannot dissolve nonpolar substances:

The polar substances are easily dissolved in water due to the presence of negative and positive charges on the hydrogen and oxygen molecules in water. the sodium chloride bearing the polar specification get easily dissolved in water while the non-polar molecules are not dissolved in water. They remain as clumped together.

Water as amphoteric compound:

Another property of water is that it is amphoteric compound. It can react with base or acid in a chemical reaction in a laboratory as well as in nature.

Cohesive and adhesive nature of water :

Water is cohesive or adhesive due to the presence of hydrogen bonding in it.  Atoms in water molecules bear small charges that are responsible for making them join them together. Due to this ability water is easily transported to the top parts of plants from the soil it due to this fact that water easily gets sucked by the straw.

Biological properties of water:

Water is an essential element of the cell in plants and animals the cell in animal and human is made up of liquid known as cytoplasm. All the components of organism’s cell like DNA and other organelles are dissolved in water. Water being polar molecule keeps the organelles in the cell from moving apart out of the cell membrane. The electronegativity in of water help in transporting the impulse from and to the brain.

Major Environmental Issues Of Pakistan

The environment of the world is getting degraded day by day with the passage of time. The degradation of environment and the environmental concerns   have become yellow peril for the whole of the world. The concerns are getting more catastrophic due to their effects on the lives of the organisms and human living in it. The environmental concerns are adopting the acute shape due to their increasing drawbacks on the environment and its habitat. Rapid economic and industrial development along with the increase in human population is the core reasons behind the evolution of ecological problems.

Some effects of environmental concerns:

Pakistan is right now confronting many challenging environmental issues that need to be sort out at the first priority air pollution is the most important concern of this era. The rapid increase in the numbering of automobiles on urban roads and the gas emitted from the industries and plants of Pakistan is the main cause of air pollution. The air pollution is much responsible for causing many chronic bronchi ailments in human beings. Secondly, the hazardous pollutant in air mixes up with the rain causing clouds and fall on the earth in the form of acidic air. The acidic air causes hazardous effects on the human beings animals and plants on the earth

Water pollution:

The water pollution is another factor creating serious ecological concern. The water reservoirs in Pakistan are mostly contaminated with the sewerage waste water discarded from the industries and agricultural sites. This contaminated water is consumed by the half of the population the toxic water is responsible for causing serious ailment to the consumers of the water. Besides the poor sewerage system also contribute to contamination of water in urban areas of Pakistan.

Deforestation:

Cutting of forests to construct the roads and residential areas have destroyed the natural environmental health in the country. A policy was presented by the government in 1992, which declared to ban the forest cutting but nothing profound was brought by the policy. Strict and strong legislation should be planned by the government to ensure sustainable harvesting of forest in the country. Secondly, a strategy for carbon financing should be developed at policy level with the motto we value the trees because tree and plantation absorb carbon dioxide from the air. The developing countries will provide the financial aid to support the cause what will be the utter requirement for this cause is that we government will need to ensure the capital comes in and is used straightforwardly for the cause.

Plantation of trees in urban areas:

Urban cities are most populated. Trees in cities absorb carbon dioxide causing the air to get purified. So plantation of new trees is essentially required for the atmosphere. Trees are planted in urban areas, but new trees are to be planted more. Besides, man-made forests like Change Mange ought to be constructed as well.

Pollution from factories:

The waste and toxic material discarded from the factories is the most concerning issue for the Pakistani authorities the waste material is wiped into the rivers causing the marine life to become extinct.  Besides, it pollutes the water in ponds and lakes which directly affects the water consuming bodies near the reservoir of the water. The waste material discarded by the factories is drained into the land area the chemical components in the matter reacts with the soil of the land making the soil erosion and the land deserted.

Climatic change in Pakistan:

The climate condition in Pakistan is continuously changing. Due to global warming, the glaciers in the Himalayan mountain range and Karakorum mountain range is continuously melting causing the floods and unusual rain in Pakistan this subsequently is destroying the crops and cattle in the country. Besides due to global warming the average temperature in the tropical area is also rising annually which will consequently result in less production of crops.

Natural Resources Are Natural Wealth Of A Nature

The sources that are provided to a world by nature are termed as natural sources. Natural sources are a gift of nature to man for sake of his benefits and survival on earth. They are present around us in the form of forests water, mineral and many more. They in a term are a source of energy and necessities man requires meeting his needs. Natural sources of a country play important role in the social and economic development of a country. Mineral sources provide the half energy need of a country. And these resources are dug out or taken from our natural surroundings when needed to earn the revenue or to meet the desired need of energy. 

Classification of natural wealth: 

Natural resources can be classified into three distinct forms; Renewable sources, Nonrenewable sources metallic and non-metallic renewable sources.Sources that are available permanently like water or that can be retrieved again like vegetation are called Renewable resources. Sources that cannot be regained once used are called non-renewable resources like fossil fuel resources. They are also called non-renewable organic resources. Organic resources that contain metal in them are called Renewable metallic sources, and the mineral that doesn’t contain metal compound is called as Non-metallic renewable resources. Pakistan is considered among the richest world’s natural sources carries but UN, fortunately, stands poor in managing and conservation of these sources.

 

Important natural resources of Pakistan:

Preservation and mining of natural resources in Pakistan is mainly carried out by the Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation. The energy reservoirs in Pakistan are much more than oil reservoirs in gulf countries.

Pakistan has the world’s second large coal reservoirs. Pakistan has 185 billion tons of coal deposits in its mine that are equal lent to 618 billion barrels of raw oil.  Pakistan imports this resource to earn its revenue besides it is utilized to make some of the energy requirements of the state. Pakistan has large natural gas reservoirs in the world nearly 885.3 billion cubic meters. It is the largest source to provide energy for vehicles and domestic purposes. 19 million cubic meters is daily production of gas per day and the reservoirs are expected to last for the next 20 years. Still, in mountain ranges of Baluchistan and Sindh, there are UN touched reservoirs of gas. Gold reservoirs at Sandak   and Reko-Dik Gold mines in Baluchistan   are big sources of attraction by international traders

An obstacle in conservation of Resources:

Pakistan is replete with natural wealth reservoirs but faces a certain obstacle that results in poor management of these wealth resources. The major obstacle that Pakistan encounters are instability of political institutes, poor political and financial decision making, poor planning, wrong bureaucracy, and corruption of authorities, in proper law and order circumstances, all these led to mismanagement in  conserving and these resources and also result in low amount of revenue yield from this  good gifted wealth of nature