Chemical And Physical Properties Of Water

Water is an abundantly occurring natural source. It is found on the surface of the earth as well in the underground resources. Water is said to comprise the 70 percent of the earth’s surface, beside it is present in some ratio in the atmosphere.  Around us, the living being on the earth are also composed of water. The human body is consisting of only 70 percent of water in the form of blood and other liquid states the human body. Water is necessary for the smooth working of many natural processes on earth man and living animal depends on water by in taking it. Man cannot continue his life if he gets deprived of water due to any reason.

Physical properties of water:

Water is present in the form of liquid in nature. It is colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid. But if it is present in reservoirs, it appears with a tinge of blue. Ice is the solid form of water and in gaseous form, it is can felt as water vapors. The boiling point of water is 100 degree Celsius; it is the point when liquid water changes from liquid state to gaseous state. The freezing point, the point when water changed from liquids state to solid state ice is 0 degree Celsius. These above two properties of water are due to hydrogen bonding present in the water molecules. Besides, the water is good universal solvent, able to dissolve minerals and salt in it.

Chemical properties of water:

Water molecule as polar molecule:

The water molecule is composed of 2 hydrogens and one oxygen connected with the covalent bond.   Hydrogen bonding in the water molecules is responsible for different chemical properties in water. A water molecule is a polar molecule because they are unequally shared   electrons between hydrogen and oxygen atoms.  The oxygen has more electronegativity than the hydrogen and the result it attracts more molecules toward it making hydrogen end of molecules positive. This in turns results   in making water soluble for minerals.

Water cannot dissolve nonpolar substances:

The polar substances are easily dissolved in water due to the presence of negative and positive charges on the hydrogen and oxygen molecules in water. the sodium chloride bearing the polar specification get easily dissolved in water while the non-polar molecules are not dissolved in water. They remain as clumped together.

Water as amphoteric compound:

Another property of water is that it is amphoteric compound. It can react with base or acid in a chemical reaction in a laboratory as well as in nature.

Cohesive and adhesive nature of water :

Water is cohesive or adhesive due to the presence of hydrogen bonding in it.  Atoms in water molecules bear small charges that are responsible for making them join them together. Due to this ability water is easily transported to the top parts of plants from the soil it due to this fact that water easily gets sucked by the straw.

Biological properties of water:

Water is an essential element of the cell in plants and animals the cell in animal and human is made up of liquid known as cytoplasm. All the components of organism’s cell like DNA and other organelles are dissolved in water. Water being polar molecule keeps the organelles in the cell from moving apart out of the cell membrane. The electronegativity in of water help in transporting the impulse from and to the brain.

Major Environmental Issues Of Pakistan

The environment of the world is getting degraded day by day with the passage of time. The degradation of environment and the environmental concerns   have become yellow peril for the whole of the world. The concerns are getting more catastrophic due to their effects on the lives of the organisms and human living in it. The environmental concerns are adopting the acute shape due to their increasing drawbacks on the environment and its habitat. Rapid economic and industrial development along with the increase in human population is the core reasons behind the evolution of ecological problems.

Some effects of environmental concerns:

Pakistan is right now confronting many challenging environmental issues that need to be sort out at the first priority air pollution is the most important concern of this era. The rapid increase in the numbering of automobiles on urban roads and the gas emitted from the industries and plants of Pakistan is the main cause of air pollution. The air pollution is much responsible for causing many chronic bronchi ailments in human beings. Secondly, the hazardous pollutant in air mixes up with the rain causing clouds and fall on the earth in the form of acidic air. The acidic air causes hazardous effects on the human beings animals and plants on the earth

Water pollution:

The water pollution is another factor creating serious ecological concern. The water reservoirs in Pakistan are mostly contaminated with the sewerage waste water discarded from the industries and agricultural sites. This contaminated water is consumed by the half of the population the toxic water is responsible for causing serious ailment to the consumers of the water. Besides the poor sewerage system also contribute to contamination of water in urban areas of Pakistan.

Deforestation:

Cutting of forests to construct the roads and residential areas have destroyed the natural environmental health in the country. A policy was presented by the government in 1992, which declared to ban the forest cutting but nothing profound was brought by the policy. Strict and strong legislation should be planned by the government to ensure sustainable harvesting of forest in the country. Secondly, a strategy for carbon financing should be developed at policy level with the motto we value the trees because tree and plantation absorb carbon dioxide from the air. The developing countries will provide the financial aid to support the cause what will be the utter requirement for this cause is that we government will need to ensure the capital comes in and is used straightforwardly for the cause.

Plantation of trees in urban areas:

Urban cities are most populated. Trees in cities absorb carbon dioxide causing the air to get purified. So plantation of new trees is essentially required for the atmosphere. Trees are planted in urban areas, but new trees are to be planted more. Besides, man-made forests like Change Mange ought to be constructed as well.

Pollution from factories:

The waste and toxic material discarded from the factories is the most concerning issue for the Pakistani authorities the waste material is wiped into the rivers causing the marine life to become extinct.  Besides, it pollutes the water in ponds and lakes which directly affects the water consuming bodies near the reservoir of the water. The waste material discarded by the factories is drained into the land area the chemical components in the matter reacts with the soil of the land making the soil erosion and the land deserted.

Climatic change in Pakistan:

The climate condition in Pakistan is continuously changing. Due to global warming, the glaciers in the Himalayan mountain range and Karakorum mountain range is continuously melting causing the floods and unusual rain in Pakistan this subsequently is destroying the crops and cattle in the country. Besides due to global warming the average temperature in the tropical area is also rising annually which will consequently result in less production of crops.

Natural Resources Are Natural Wealth Of A Nature

The sources that are provided to a world by nature are termed as natural sources. Natural sources are a gift of nature to man for sake of his benefits and survival on earth. They are present around us in the form of forests water, mineral and many more. They in a term are a source of energy and necessities man requires meeting his needs. Natural sources of a country play important role in the social and economic development of a country. Mineral sources provide the half energy need of a country. And these resources are dug out or taken from our natural surroundings when needed to earn the revenue or to meet the desired need of energy. 

Classification of natural wealth: 

Natural resources can be classified into three distinct forms; Renewable sources, Nonrenewable sources metallic and non-metallic renewable sources.Sources that are available permanently like water or that can be retrieved again like vegetation are called Renewable resources. Sources that cannot be regained once used are called non-renewable resources like fossil fuel resources. They are also called non-renewable organic resources. Organic resources that contain metal in them are called Renewable metallic sources, and the mineral that doesn’t contain metal compound is called as Non-metallic renewable resources. Pakistan is considered among the richest world’s natural sources carries but UN, fortunately, stands poor in managing and conservation of these sources.

 

Important natural resources of Pakistan:

Preservation and mining of natural resources in Pakistan is mainly carried out by the Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation. The energy reservoirs in Pakistan are much more than oil reservoirs in gulf countries.

Pakistan has the world’s second large coal reservoirs. Pakistan has 185 billion tons of coal deposits in its mine that are equal lent to 618 billion barrels of raw oil.  Pakistan imports this resource to earn its revenue besides it is utilized to make some of the energy requirements of the state. Pakistan has large natural gas reservoirs in the world nearly 885.3 billion cubic meters. It is the largest source to provide energy for vehicles and domestic purposes. 19 million cubic meters is daily production of gas per day and the reservoirs are expected to last for the next 20 years. Still, in mountain ranges of Baluchistan and Sindh, there are UN touched reservoirs of gas. Gold reservoirs at Sandak   and Reko-Dik Gold mines in Baluchistan   are big sources of attraction by international traders

An obstacle in conservation of Resources:

Pakistan is replete with natural wealth reservoirs but faces a certain obstacle that results in poor management of these wealth resources. The major obstacle that Pakistan encounters are instability of political institutes, poor political and financial decision making, poor planning, wrong bureaucracy, and corruption of authorities, in proper law and order circumstances, all these led to mismanagement in  conserving and these resources and also result in low amount of revenue yield from this  good gifted wealth of nature

Destruction Of Ozone ( Ozone Depletion)

Ozone is layer of oxygen found in the upper layer of atmosphere (stratosphere) to protect Earth from the harm full effects of ultraviolet radiation.  Ozone consist of 3 oxygen molecules rather than 2 and it is highly .But its presence in the troposphere (the lower layer of atmosphere) causes effects to human and plants living on the earth in the form of diseases due to its highly oxidizing ability.

How ozone is produced:

Ozone is formed in atmosphere by the reaction of ultraviolet radiation with the oxygen molecule that comprises 21% of the atmosphere. The ultraviolet radiation entering the atmosphere breaks apart the oxygen molecules (O2) to produce two oxygen atoms. These single highly reactive oxygen atoms then combine separately with the oxygen molecules to make the ozone (O3) molecules. This reaction take places in the stratosphere where there are continuously ultraviolet radiation coming in. Ozone reacts with the sunlight and hazardous human produces hydro carbons and nitrogen gases continuously, resulting in the production of and destruction of ozone layers. In troposphere region, ozone is produces by the reaction of pollutant gases and natural gases with ozone in the presence of sunlight. The burning of fossils fuels contribute a lot in the production of ozone troposphere. The ozone produces in comparatively quite much less as compared to the ozone prepared in stratosphere and also can’t reach to the stratosphere to meet the need of ozone required there the plants and  the troposphere ozone is also destroyed when it reacts chemically with soil and plant on the surface  of earth

 

Effects of ozone depletion:

Since the advent of universe, the ozone has been protecting the earth from the harm full radiation of UV rays. It has become the great concern by the scientist and environmentalist since 1970. Ozone layer is depleted by the harmful gases .chlorine and bromine gases destroy the ozone layer in the upper stratosphere. But 80 percent of the ozone layer is destroyed by the chlorofluorocarbons emitted from the human made gas emitting sources.  The   chlorofluorocarbon sand   volatile organic gases that are released from refrigerators and other vehicles factories destroys the ozone layer.  These gases remain stable in the lower atmosphere of air but when they reach the stratosphere. They react with the harmful ultra violet rays and emit the chlorine atom that reacts with the ozone oxygen causing the depletion of ozone layer.

Effects of ozone depletion:

Breakage of ozone layer has adverse effects on the environment.  Depletion of ozone layer provides the path to ultraviolet rays to reach the earth, the ultraviolet rays is interlinked to cause various health and environmental issues.  Direct exposure of Ultraviolet rays cause several type of skin and eye diseases. The radiation accelerates the skin aging problem. It weakens the human immune system. UV rays damages the other amphibian species UV is home how responsible in decline of the number of amphibian species on the earth. UV destroys the plankton's that are essential to maintain the food chain and carbon cycle of marine ecosystem.

Decrease of ozone in stratosphere cause the increase of ozone in the troposphere. Ozone gas present in stratosphere is referred as green gas that causes the temperature of earth to rise and cause the climate to change.

Lead – Ancient But Harmful Element For The Atmosphere

Lead is a naturally occurring element found on earth.it is derivative of carbon and its symbol is Pb. Lead is found on the earth’s surface to some ratio and also in the atmosphere.  It has been reported in some areas that lead composed 96 percent of the air. 

Sources of the lead in the atmosphere:

Lead emitted from natural sources like volcanoes, windblown dust, and erosion are fewer as compared to concentration released by the anthropogenic sources. Mining and metal manufacturing is the main source of emanation of lead by human besides, it is emitted in the production of batteries, lead-based paint, and products, it is also being emitted by road vehicles in greater quantity. Lead, an ancient and big natural source is being used by the human since 500 BC in different spheres of life. 

Lead get deposit in soil:

Due to its abundant use and composition in the atmosphere, the lead has an adverse effect on the environment. It is obvious from researches that the lead interacts with the soil and get deposited in it can remain on the soil for at least 200 years unaffected and can be consumed by humans and other living organism causing the malfunction or disorder in their systems.

 How lead effects the plants

Lead get absorbed by the plants from soil and get into the leaves of the plants. The pores of the plants get covered by the lead and this prevents the light reaching the stomata of leaves resulting in a prohibition of the photo syntheses process in the plant. This result in stunting the growth of the plant such effects are studies on the hydroponically grown plants with lead 1-2ppm moisture in the soil.

How lead destroys the organisms:

Concentration of lead has the ability to wipe off some of the bacteria’s in the soil that are necessary for the decomposition of food chain and fertility of the soil it has been reported that it can also replace some microorganism by the organisms of same or different species necessary for the soil., lead also becomes more soluble in some microorganisms and get more easily absorbed by the plants in more concentration affecting the plant’s life,

 Leads causes serous malfunctions on the animal’s life:

Leads effects the animal life also it affects their nervous system leading the Malfunction in their red blood cell production. Grazing animal are affected most their lead source are green plants  they feed on however the concentration of calcium and phosphorous  can reduce the leads intestinal absorption, The US EPA  report states that “a regular diet 2-8 mg lead per kg of animal diet for an extended period of time will result in death in animals”

 

Adverse effects of lead on human health:

Lead effects the human life like wise animal life it move in to human body by food consumption (65%) by intake of water (20%) and by the air (15%)children below the 6 years of age are more susceptible of lead effects in this growing age if they get lead in the body instead of the required nutrition they may face the learning disabilities nervous problems, speech impairment and other malnutrition diseases. In adults, it causes high blood pressure, cancer, Harm to a fetus, fertility disorders in male and females, any sort of memories and nervous disorders. To avert such complications blood lead testing should be repeated conducted after a specific period of time, dust in a house should be reduced clean pure water should be drunk and eating healthy food habits should be brought in practice.